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Table 1 Clinical data, behavioral assessment scores and pH values

From: The monoaminergic footprint of depression and psychosis in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer’s disease

Parameter

AD + D (number = 10)

AD-D (number = 10)

DLB + D (number = 10)

CONTR (number = 10)

Kruskal Wallis

Demographics and clinical data

     

Age at onset dementia (years)

71.5 ± 14.0 (53–94)

79.4 ± 13.5 (50–96)

76.0 ± 5.8 (66–84)

N/A

P = 0.286

Age at death (years)

75.7 ± 12.3 (58–95)

83.5 ± 11.6 (59–97)

81.4 ± 4.4 (72–87)

76.5 ± 7.0 (65–87)

P = 0.148

Gender, male/female (number)

6/4

7/3

7/3

5/5

χ2 = 1.173; P = 0.759

Storage time tissue at −80°C (years)

4.3 ± 3.8 (0.3-10)

4.1 ± 4.0 (0.6-10)

6.6 ± 4.3 (2–11)

8.6 ± 1.0 (7–10)

P = 0.060

Postmortem delayc (hours)

3.7 ± 1.0 (2–5)

3.7 ± 0.9 (2–6)

4.2 ± 1.4 (2–6)

4.8 ± 1.6 (3–6)

P = 0.384

Taking/not taking psychotropic medication (number)

5/5

7/3

6/4

4/6

χ2 = 1.125; P = 0.771

Behavioral assessment scores

     

MFS total score (/10)

4.8 ± 0.9 (3–6)aa

2.3 ± 1.8 (1–5)aa

4.3 ± 1.3 (3–7)

N/A

P = 0.008

Behave-AD cluster A (/21)

1.4 ± 2.4 (0–6)

0.10 ± 0.3 (0–1)

0.4 ± 0.8 (0–2)

N/A

P = 0.401

Paranoid and delusional ideation

Behave-AD cluster B (/15)

0.8 ± 1.2 (0–3)

0.0 ± 0.0b

1.9 ± 2.2 (0–6)b

N/A

P = 0.033

hallucinations

Behave-AD cluster AB (/36)

2.2 ± 2.5 (0–6)

0.1 ± 0.3 (0–1)b

2.3 ± 2.3 (0–6)b

N/A

P = 0.041

psychosis

Behave-AD cluster C score (/9)

2.9 ± 2.8 (0–7)

0.5 ± 0.9 (0–2)

0.9 ± 1.3 (0–4)

N/A

P = 0.084

activity disturbances

Behave-AD cluster D score (/9)

4.5 ± 2.9 (0–9)

1.7 ± 1.9 (0–4)

1.8 ± 2.4 (0–7)

N/A

P = 0.052

aggressiveness

Behave-AD cluster E score (/3)

0.7 ± 0.8 (0–2)

0.1 ± 0.3 (0–1)

0.3 ± 0.7 (0–2)

N/A

P = 0.111

diurnal rhythm disturbances

Behave-AD cluster F score (/6)

1.9 ± 1.7 (0–4)

0.3 ± 0.7 (0–2)

1.1 ± 1.4 (0–4)

N/A

P = 0.052

affective disturbances

Behave-AD cluster G score (/12)

1.2 ± 2.0 (0–5)

0.0 ± 0.0

0.8 ± 1.7 (0–4)

N/A

P = 0.200

anxieties and phobias

Behave-AD total score (/75)

13.4 ± 8.9 (2–24)aa

2.7 ± 2.4 (0–6)aa

7.3 ± 5.3 (2–17)

N/A

P = 0.009

Behave-AD global score (/3)

1.7 ± 0.9 (0–3)aa

0.4 ± 0.5 (0–1)aa

1.2 ± 0.8 (0–2)

N/A

P = 0.006

caregiver burden

CMAI cluster 1 (/70)

15.4 ± 8.1 (10–35)

10.8 ± 2.5 (10–18)

11.1 ± 2.4 (10–17)

N/A

P = 0.041

aggressive behavior

CMAI cluster 2 (/77)

24.7 ± 10.9 (11–39)a

13.1 ± 3.3 (11–21)a

18.5 ± 7.5 (11–33)

N/A

P = 0.021

physically nonaggressive behavior

CMAI cluster 3 (/56)

16.1 ± 8.6 (8–33)

11.8 ± 5.6 (8–23)

14.9 ± 7.6 (8–25)

N/A

P = 0.344

verbally agitated behavior

CMAI total sore (/203)

56.2 ± 22.1 (29–90)

35.7 ± 7.4 (29–47)

44.5 ± 12.3 (29–65)

N/A

P = 0.040

CSDD total score (/38)

12.1 ± 3.3 (8–19) aaa

5.0 ± 1.2 (3–7) aaa, bbb

10.1 ± 2.1 (8–14)bbb

N/A

P <0.0001

depression

Interval between rating and death (days)

3.8 ± 10.1 (0–6)

3.9 ± 7.0 (0–9)

5.2 ± 9.4 (0–10)

N/A

P = 0.713

MMSE, staging and pH data

     

MMSE scored (/30)

12.0 ± 6.6 (7–21) number = 4

16.0 ± 4.3 (10–25)b number = 8

8.7 ± 4.8 (4–16)b number = 6

N/A

P = 0.041

GDS score: dementia staging (/7)

6.2 ± 0.8 (5–7)

5.8 ± 1.0 (4–7)

6.6 ± 0.5 (6–7)

N/A

P = 0.151

pH values cerebellar brain tissue

6.5 ± 0.3 (5.9-7.1)

6.5 ± 0.3 (6.0-6.8)

6.7 ± 0.3 (6.4-7.2)

6.4 ± 0.2 (6.0-6.7)

P = 0.300

  1. Mean ± SD with minimum-maximum ranges between parentheses; Kruskal-Wallis analyses (P <0.05) with post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests were performed; data remaining statistically significant following Bonferroni correction are presented above with one superscript letter (P <0.017; for three groups comparisons because CONTR data are absent); χ2 statistics were used to compare male/female ratios and taking/not taking any type of psychotropic medication; significant differences with P <0.01 and P <0.0001 are respectively indicated with two and three repeated superscript letters; the following letters are used: aAD + D versus. AD-D, bAD-D versus. DLB + D.
  2. cPostmortem delay indicates the number of hours between time of death and storage of the brain at −80°C; donly MMSE scores with no more than four months between scoring and date of death were included.
  3. AD + D/-D, depressed/nondepressed Alzheimer’s disease patients; Behave-AD, Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale; CMAI, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory; CONTR; control subjects; CSDD, Cornell Score for Depression in Dementia; DLB + D, depressed dementia with Lewy bodies patients; GDS, Global Deterioration Scale; MFS, Middelheim Frontality Score; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; N/A, not applicable.
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193