Cerebrospinal fluid VILIP-1 and YKL-40, candidate biomarkers to diagnose, predict and monitor Alzheimer’s disease in a memory clinic cohort

Table 3 Baseline characteristics and CSF biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment

Data presented as mean (SE) or number (percentage). At baseline VILIP-1 data were missing for two patients and YKL-40 for one patient. Fisher’s exact test or ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni corrections was used when applicable. CSF biomarkers were log-transformed for ANOVA analyses. Longitudinal effects were assessed using age and sex-adjusted linear mixed models, with CSF biomarkers (VILIP-1 and YKL-40) as dependent variables and clinical diagnosis (sMCI vs. MCI-AD), time (LP interval in years), and interaction diagnosis × time as independent variables. The reported β value represents the estimated change of YKL-40 (ng/ml) or VILIP-1 (pg/ml) levels per year
^aBaseline MMSE was available for 52 patients
^* p ≤0.05 vs. sMCI
^** p ≤0.005 vs. sMCI
^‡ p ≤0.005 for time effect
^§ p ≤0.05 for time effect
Aβ42 amyloid beta 1–42, ANOVA analysis of variance, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, LP lumbar puncture, MCI-AD mild cognitive impairment progressing to Alzheimer’s disease, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, ptau-181 tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, sMCI stable mild cognitive impairment, SE standard error, tau total tau, VILIP-1 Visinin-like protein-1, YKL-40 Chitinase-3-like protein 1

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