Fig. 2

Schematics of the deep learning frameworks. A The hierarchical long short-term memory (LSTM) network model that encodes an entire audio file into a single vector to predict dementia status on the individuals. All LSTM cells within the same row share the parameters. Note that the hidden layer dimension is user-defined (e.g., 64 in our approach). B Convolutional neural network that uses the entire audio file as the input to predict the dementia status of the individual. Each convolutional block reduces the input length by a common factor (e.g., 2) while the very top layer aggregates all remaining vectors into one by averaging them