Table 1 Demographics, neuropsychological and language data for all groups

Sex, M/F

Age, years

72.8 ± 6.3^c,e

72.2 ± 5.6^e

71.3 ± 7.6^a,d,e

73.7 ± 7.6 ^c

74.9 ± 7.9^a,b,c

 < . 001

55–90

60–90

55–89

54–91

55–91

Education, years

16.5 ± 2.6^c,d,,e

16.8 ± 2.5^e

16.0 ± 2.7^a,e

16.0 ± 2.8^a,e

15.3 ± 2.9^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

Global cognition / Severity

 CDR

0.0 ± 0.0^c,d,e

0.0 ± 0.0^c,d,e

0.5 ± 0.0^a,b,e

0.5 ± 0.0^a,b,e

0.8 ± 0.3^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

 MoCA

26.2 ± 2.4 (458)^c,d,e

25.7 ± 2.6 (102)^c,d,e

24.1 ± 3.0 (287)^a,b,d,e

22.5 ± 3.2 (234)^a,b,c,e

17.2 ± 4.5 (173)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

 MMSE

29.1 ± 1.1^c,d,e

29.0 ± 1.2^c,d,e

28.4 ± 1.5^a,b,d,e

27.2 ± 1.8^a,b,c,e

23.2 ± 2.0^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

Episodic memory

 RAVLTdeyaled recall (30 min.)

8.2 ± 3.7 (649)^c,d,e

8.1 ± 3.6 (99)^c,d,e

6.5 ± 3.8 (259)^a,b,d,e

4.3 ± 3.2 (392)^a,b,c,e

2.5 ± 2.2 (96)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

 Logical memory, delayed recall

13.3 ± 3.3 ^c,d,e

13.2 ± 3.2^c,d,e

8.9 ± 1.6^a,b,d,e

3.9 ± 2.6^a,b,c,e

1.3 ± 1.8^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

Language

 Object naming (BNT, 30-item)

28.1 ± 2.1 (399)^d,e

28.4 ± 1.9^d,e

27.5 ± 2.6 (289)^d,e

25.7 ± 4.0 (509)^a,b,c,e

22.35 ± 5.9 (305)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

 Semantic fluency (animals)

21.2 ± 5.6^c,d,e

20.0 ± 5.3^d,e

18.8 ± 5.1^a,d,e

16.5 ± 5.0^a,b,c,e

12.3 ± 5.0^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

 Phonemic fluency (f- words)

14.8 ± 4.7 (461)^c,d,e

14.1 ± 4.3 (103)^e

13.7 ± 4.8^a,e

13.7 ± 4.4 (237)^a,e

10.9 ± 4.5 (179)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

Executive functioning

 Trail making Part-A (seconds)

32.9 ± 11.3^d,e

34.1 ± 36.8^d,e

36.8 ± 14.7^d,e

43.6 ± 21.5^a,b,c,e

63.6 ± 35.2 (344)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

 Trail making Part-B (seconds)

78.3 ± 37.4 (678)^c,d,e

88.3 ± 45.7^d,e

97.9 ± 50.7 (286)^a,d,e

125.9 ± 71.8 (581)^a,b,c,e

196.0 ± 87.0 (315)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

Visuospatial functioning

 Copy of a clock

4.7 ± 0.6 (680)^d,e

4.7 ± 0.6^d,e

4.6 ± 0.7^d,e

4.2 ± 1.0^a,b,c,e

3.4 ± 1.4 (347)^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

CSF biomarkers

 Beta-amyloid (positive/negative)

162/285 (447)

30/63 (93)

115/144 (259)

263/101 (364)

207/28 (235)

 < . 001

 P-tau (positive/negative)

129/313 (442)

33/60 (93)

93/166 (259)

222/141 (363)

191/43 (234)

 < . 001

Irregular word reading

 AmNART (error score)

9.1 ± 8.4^c,d,e

9.8 ± 7.7^d,e

12.0 ± 8.7^a,e

12.9 ± 9.3^a,b,e

16.5 ± 9.6^a,b,c,d

 < . 001

0–48

0–35

0–46

0–46

0–48