Table 3 Generalized logistic mixed-effects model predicting irregular word successful reading using psycholinguistic variables

Control variables

 Length (number of letters)

0.39

0.25

1.54

 Frequency (log10)

0.84

0.45

1.89

 Orthographic neighborhood (OLD20)

-0.19

0.50

-0.39

 Bigram frequencies by position (log)

-0.88

0.37

-2.40

Lexicosemantic variables

 Age of Acquisition

-0.42

0.07

-5.62

 Concreteness

-0.07

0.16

-0.46

 Number of senses (log)

0.17

0.25

0.69

 Semantic neighborhood density

2.40

1.41

1.70

Phonological variables

 Number of syllables

-0.52

0.30

-1.71

 Number of phonemes

0.48

0.32

1.49

 Phonological neighborhood (PLD20)

-0.55

0.44

-1.24