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Table 1 Demographics of the study populations

From: Hormone therapy is associated with lower Alzheimer’s disease tau biomarkers in post-menopausal females -evidence from two independent cohorts

 

TRIAD cohort

ADNI imaging cohort

ADNI fluid cohort

 

HT-

HT+

HT-

HT+

HT-

HT+

No.

178

23

315

28

349

47

Age, mean (SD), y

71.4 (6.7)

73.1 (5.8)

72.8 (8.6)

71.5 (7.9)

73.0 (7.4)

70.5 (6.4) *

Education, mean (SD), y

14.8 (3.6)

15 (3.2)

16.1 (2.4)

16.5 (2.2)

15.6 (2.6)

16.3 (2.5)

Clinical Diagnosis, CU: CI

97: 81

16: 7

187: 128

16: 12

123: 226

23: 24

APOE ε4 carrier (%)

33.7%

27.3%

41.6%

40%

46.4%

34%

MMSE score, mean (SD)

26.9 (4.9)

29.2 (1.0) *

27.8 (3.6)

28.1 (3.3)

27.3 (3.2)

28.7 (1.6) *

RAVLT score †

      

Recognition, mean (SD)

10.0 (6.9)

12.1 (3.4) *

    

Immediate, mean (SD)

  

44.2 (12.3)

43.9 (12.7)

39.2 (13.2)

47.8 (11.8) *

Learning, mean (SD)

  

5.7 (2.7)

5.5 (2.6)

4.7 (2.9)

6.0 (2.8) *

Forgetting, mean (SD)

  

3.9 (3.0)

4.0 (3.2)

4.5 (2.7)

3.8 (2.7)

Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers

Amyloid-PET Neocortical SUVR

1.87 (0.67)

1.77 (0.56)

1.19 (0.24)

1.12 (0.17)

1.24 (0.24)

1.16 (0.23) *

Tau-PET imaging biomarkers

Tau fluid biomarkers

Braak I-II SUVR

1.24 (0.54)

1.05 (0.26) *

1.22 (0.15)

1.24 (0.15)

CSF p-tau181

Braak III-IV SUVR

1.35 (0.88)

0.98 (0.19) *

1.17 (0.17)

1.14 (0.11) *

29.09 (16.3)

22.92 (10.2) *

Braak V-VI SUVR

1.25 (0.79)

0.91 (0.13) *

1.05 (0.14)

1.01 (0.11) *

Plasma p-tau181

META-ROI SUVR

1.39 (0.94)

0.99 (0.26) *

1.22 (0.20)

1.18 (0.13) *

18.59 (10.1)

13.44 (6.9) *

Hormone Therapy Information

Status (Past: New: Current) ††

 

0: 1: 22

 

0: 7: 21

 

3: 6: 38

Type (Estrogen only: Combination)

 

14: 9

 

23: 5

 

42: 5

Starting age, mean (SD), y

 

55.4 (11.1)

 

60.6 (12.6)

 

59.9 (11.2)

Duration, mean (SD), y

 

16.8 (11.7)

 

10.1 (9.6)

 

10.5 (10.8)

  1. Variables including age, education level, MMSE score, AD neuroimaging and fluid biomarker levels were assessed using independent t-tests, or Welch’s t-tests (when the group variance reported significantly different), to evaluate if significant differences exist between HT- and HT + groups. Categorical variables including APOEε4 carriage status and clinical diagnosis were compared using the χ2 test. Overall, we reported no significant difference between HT- and HT + regarding educational attainment, APOEε4 carriage status and clinical diagnosis. HT + females in the TRIAD cohort and the ADNI Imaging cohort showed lower regional tau-PET SUVRs compared to HT- females. HT + females in the ADNI fluid cohort demonstrated lower concentrations of p-tau in both CSF and plasma
  2. *Significantly different
  3. † Different summary scores are derived from raw RAVLT scores. These include Recognition (the sum of recognition minus false positives), Immediate (the sum of scores from 5 first trials, i.e., Trials 1 to 5), Learning (the score of Trial 5 minus the score of Trial 1) and Forgetting (the score of Trial 5 minus the score of the delayed recall)
  4. †† HT status: “New” indicated an individual using HT for less than a year at the time of the PET imaging assessment
  5. Abbreviation: HT: hormone therapy; CU: cognitively unimpaired; CI: cognitively impaired; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; SUVR: standardized uptake value ratio
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193