Table 1 Demographic, clinical, CSF, and neuroimaging characteristics of all participants at baseline

Demographics (N=607)

Age [years, mean ± SD]

60.44 ± 7.13

64.83 ± 7.61

70.04 ± 8.96

57.62

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Sex [female, n (%)]

62 (56.36)

168 (62.45)

133 (58.33)

1.53

0.465

0.271

0.731

0.349

BMI [kg/m², mean ± SD]

23.79 ± 2.67

24.14 ± 3.27

23.57 ± 3.43

1.79

0.168

0.590

0.940

0.207

Education [years, median (IQR)]

16 (12, 16)

12 (9, 14)

9 (6, 12)

86.58

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

APOE ε4 status [yes, n (%)]

16 (14.55)

66 (24.54)

103 (45.17)

40.52

< 0.001

0.030

< 0.001

< 0.001

Medical history (N = 607)

Hypertension [yes, n (%)]

36 (32.73)

113 (42.01)

103 (45.18)

4.78

0.091

0.093

0.029

0.478

Diabetes mellitus [yes, n (%)]

14 (12.73)

50 (18.59)

42 (18.42)

2.09

0.351

0.167

0.187

0.962

Stroke [yes, n (%)]

8 (7.27)

45 (16.73)

49 (21.49)

10.73

0.005

0.016

0.001

0.177

CHD [yes, n (%)]

13 (11.82)

47 (17.47)

50 (21.93)

3.94

0.139

0.108

0.047

0.570

Hyperlipidemia [yes, n (%)]

42 (38.18)

125 (46.47)

86 (37.72)

4.56

0.102

0.140

0.935

0.049

Smoking [yes, n (%)]

18 (16.36)

58 (21.56)

44 (19.30)

1.38

0.501

0.251

0.514

0.534

Alcohol consumption [yes, n (%)]

28 (25.45)

74 (27.51)

58 (25.44)

0.33

0.848

0.682

0.997

0.602

CSF biomarkers (N = 138)

MCI (n = 33)

AD (n = 105)

Aβ₄₂ [pg/L, median (IQR)]

0.61 (0.38, 0.75)

0.37 (0.26, 0.48)

-3.18

0.001

Aβ₄₀ [pg/L, median (IQR)]

12.36 (5.27, 9.76)

7.29 (5.27, 9.76)

-3.03

0.002

Aβ_42/40 [median (IQR)]

0.06 (0.04, 0.09)

0.05 (0.04, 0.07)

-0.27

0.791

tTau [pg/L, median (IQR)]

0.49 (0.22, 0.74)

0.58 (0.38, 0.92)

-2.10

0.036

pTau₁₈₁ [ng/L, median (IQR)]

46.51 (34.60, 63.29)

53.80 (40.18, 98.56)

-2.45

0.014

Neuropsychological tests (N = 607)

MMSE [score, median (IQR)]

29 (28–30)

26 (24–28)

16 (9–22)

344.73

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

MoCA [score, median (IQR)]

26 (25–28)

22 (19–24)

11 (5–16)

394.19

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

NPI [score, median (IQR)]

0

1 (0–6)

13 (5–24)

282.33

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ADL [score, median (IQR)]

20

20

30 (25–40)

483.91

< 0.001

1.000

< 0.001

< 0.001

Neuroimaging volume measures (N = 607)

ChP [cm³, median (IQR)]

1.80 (1.47–2.19)

2.01 (1.77–2.38)

2.40 (2.07–2.97)

104.45

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ChP/eTIV [×10^− 3, median (IQR)]

1.21 (1.03–1.44)

1.53 (1.33–1.76)

1.82 (1.58–2.11)

161.28

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

eTIV [cm³, Mean ± SD]

1473.51 ± 157.47

1351.12 ± 154.15

1372.25 ± 199.93

19.95

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.528

Cortex [cm³, Mean ± SD]

433.72 ± 40.96

420.21 ± 42.75

381.83 ± 49.23

66.42

< 0.001

0.025

< 0.001

< 0.001

Subcortical GM [cm³, Mean ± SD]

55.84 ± 5.28

52.73 ± 5.17

47.82 ± 6.02

91.36

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Hippocampus [cm³, median (IQR)]

8.69 (8.09–9.21)

7.96 (7.37–8.72)

6.47 (5.79–7.35)

215.45

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

LVV [cm³, median (IQR)]

18.09 (12.74–23.61)

20.51 (14.03–29.99)

37.72 (27.46–50.00)

177.37

< 0.001

0.014

< 0.001

< 0.001

WMH [cm³, median (IQR)]

1.08 (0.69–1.55)

1.79 (1.11–3.35)

4.81 (2.50–9.06)

207.67

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ECT [cm, median (IQR)]

3.60 ± 0.27

3.30 ± 0.31

2.82 ± 0.47

185.22

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001