Choroid plexus volume as a novel candidate neuroimaging marker of the Alzheimer’s continuum

Table 3 The longitudinal association of the rate of change in both ChP volume, hippocampal volume, LVV, ECT alone, or combined ChP and hippocampal volumes with the rate of changes in neuropsychological tests in patients on the AD continuum over follow-up

Imaging markers	Outcomes	β value*	95% CI	F value	P value	Outcomes	β value*	95% CI	F value	P value
Model 1: only included one neuroimaging measure
ChP alone	MMSE rate	-0.19	-0.99–0.62	0.21	0.648	NPI rate	5.16	0.68–9.63	5.18	0.024
HIP alone		1.24	0.41–2.07	8.54	0.004		-0.75	-5.61–4.11	0.09	0.761
LVV alone		-0.17	-0.95–0.61	0.18	0.671		0.47	-3.93–4.87	0.04	0.833
ECT alone		1.18	0.40–1.96	8.94	< 0.001		-4.55	-17.14–8.04	0.51	0.476
ChP alone	MoCA rate	-0.18	-1.04–0.68	0.16	0.003	ADL rate	1.10	-0.29–2.48	2.45	0.120
HIP alone		0.09	-0.82–1.01	0.04	0.838		-0.42	-1.90–1.07	0.30	0.582
LVV alone		-0.36	-1.19–0.47	0.75	0.387		0.34	-1.01–1.69	0.25	0.621
ECT alone		0.46	-0.40–1.31	1.12	0.291		-0.48	-1.86–0.91	0.46	0.450
Model 2: both of ChP and hippocampal volume together
ChP	MMSE rate	-0.09	-0.88–0.70	0.05	0.824	NPI rate	5.25	0.75–9.76	5.31	0.023
HIP		1.23	0.39–2.07	8.32	0.005		-1.22	-6.03–3.58	0.25	0.616
ChP	MoCA rate	-0.17	-1.04–0.70	0.15	0.699	ADL rate	1.07	-0.32–2.46	2.31	0.131
HIP		0.08	-0.84–1.00	0.03	0.865		-0.32	-1.81–1.17	0.18	0.672
Model 3: both of ChP, HIP, and CHP*HIP together
ChP	MMSE rate	-0.11	-0.90–0.69	0.07	0.791	NPI rate	5.08	0.55–9.61	4.90	0.028
HIP		1.35	0.35–2.35	7.16	0.008		-2.42	-8.11–3.26	0.71	0.401
ChP*HIP		0.22	-0.73–1.16	0.21	0.651		-2.14	-7.52–3.25	0.61	0.435
ChP	MoCA rate	-0.21	-1.08–0.66	0.22	0.639	ADL rate	0.97	-0.42–2.37	1.90	0.171
HIP		0.34	-0.75–1.43	0.38	0.540		0.36	-1.39–2.11	0.17	0.684
ChP*HIP		0.46	-0.57–1.50	0.78	0.378		1.21	-0.45–2.87	2.08	0.152

N = 155, adjusting for age, sex, years of education, APOE ε4 status, and eTIV. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; ChP, choroid plexus volume; HIP, hippocampal volume; LVV, lateral ventricular volume; ECT, entorhinal cortical thickness; eTIV, estimated total intracranial volume

ISSN: 1758-9193