Fig. 2
From: High cognitive reserve attenuates the risk of dementia associated with cardiometabolic diseases
Joint effect of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) status and cognitive reserve (CR) level on dementia risk and neuroimaging measures. Panel A: Results from Cox regression models adjusted for age at baseline, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, hypertension, depression, and APOE ε4 carrier status. Panel B: Results from linear regression models additionally adjusted for MRI-reflated factors (head position, scanner table position, and assessment center). In all models, significant differences between the CMD/moderate-to-high CR and CMD/low CR groups were assessed by repeating the models using the CMD/low CR group as the reference. Abbreviations: AD = Alzheimer’s disease; VaD = vascular dementia; TBV = total brain volume; GMV = gray matter volume; WMV = white matter volume; HV = hippocampal volume; WMHV = white matter hyperintensity volume