Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population (n = 216,178)
From: High cognitive reserve attenuates the risk of dementia associated with cardiometabolic diseases
Characteristics | Full Sample (n = 216,178) | By CMD status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
CMD-free (n = 172,776) | CMDs (n = 43,402) | P-value | ||
Age, years | 64.1 ± 2.9 | 64.0 ± 2.8 | 64.7 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | 114,035 (52.8) | 97,772 (56.6) | 16,263 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
 Male | 102,143 (47.3) | 75,004 (43.4) | 27,139 (62.5) |  |
College/university-educated | 56,128 (26.3) | 47,194 (27.7) | 8,934 (20.1) | < 0.001 |
White race/ethnicity | 201,292 (93.5) | 161,401 (93.7) | 39,891 (92.3) | < 0.001 |
Townsend deprivation index | -1.6 ± 3.0 | -1.7 ± 2.9 | -1.0 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 4.3 | 29.6 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
 Underweight (< 20) | 3,961 (1.8) | 3,590 (2.1) | 371 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
 Normal (20–25) | 60,165 (28.0) | 53,337 (31.0) | 6,828 (15.9) |  |
 Overweight (25–30) | 97,123 (45.2) | 78,888 (45.9) | 18,235 (42.4) |  |
 Obese (≥ 30) | 53,800 (25.0) | 36,219 (21.0) | 17,581 (40.1) |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Never | 107,472 (50.0) | 89,665 (52.1) | 17,807 (41.3) | < 0.001 |
 Previous | 89,820 (41.8) | 68,803 (40.0) | 21,017 (48.8) |  |
 Current | 17,826 (8.3) | 13,573 (7.9) | 4,253 (9.9) |  |
Alcohol | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Never | 10,359 (4.8) | 7,524 (4.4) | 2,835 (6.5) | < 0.001 |
 Previous | 8,246 (3.8) | 5,579 (3.2) | 2,667 (6.15) |  |
 Current | 197,347 (91.4) | 159,514 (92.4) | 37,833 (87.3) |  |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 29,210 (17.2) | 21,632 (15.9) | 7,578 (22.6) | < 0.001 |
 Moderate | 70,951 (41.9) | 57,124 (42.0) | 13,827 (41.3) |  |
 High | 69,319 (40.1) | 57,236 (42.1) | 12,083 (36.1) |  |
Hypertension | 82,950 (38.5) | 55,881 (32.3) | 27,069 (63.2) | < 0.001 |
Depression | 35,825 (16.6) | 29,961 (17.3) | 5,864 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
APOE ε4 carrier | 50,199 (28.3) | 40,252 (28.3) | 9,947 (28.6) | 0.230 |
Cognitive reserve (CR) indicator | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 58,978 (27.3) | 43,545 (25.2) | 15,433 (35.6) | < 0.001 |
 Moderate | 87,271 (40.4) | 70,493 (40.8) | 16,778 (38.7) |  |
 High | 69,929 (32.4) | 58,738 (34.0) | 11,191 (25.8) |  |