Understanding machine learning applications in dementia research and clinical practice: a review for biomedical scientists and clinicians

Wang, Yihan; Liu, Shu; Spiteri, Alanna G.; Huynh, Andrew Liem Hieu; Chu, Chenyin; Masters, Colin L.; Goudey, Benjamin; Pan, Yijun; Jin, Liang

doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01540-6

Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Table 2 Types of data commonly used in ML-dementia

From: Understanding machine learning applications in dementia research and clinical practice: a review for biomedical scientists and clinicians

Input data Categories	Assessments/Techniques	Cost	Invasiveness	Targets	Datasets^b
Biopsy	Brain tissue biopsy	AU$1,601.8^a	High	Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, etc	-
Blood/CSF biomarker	Lumbar puncture	AU $109^a	High	CSF-Aβ & CSF-tau [23], neurofilament light chain, etc	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17
Blood/CSF biomarker	Blood testing (e.g., HRMS [24])	US$200—$500 [25]	Minimum	Neurofilament light chain; plasma Aβ₄₂/Aβ₄₀ [26], p-tau 181, p-tau231, and p-tau217 [27], etc	2, 3, 5, 8, 9,15, 16
Omics (blood/serum, urine, saliva)	Genomics	US$990 for Alzheimer’s disease, familial, plus APOE panel [28]	None/minimum	APP, APOE, PSEN1, PSEN2, etc	1, 2, 3, 4, 5,7, 10, 15
	Metabolomics	US$100—US$500 [29]	None/minimum	Amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, etc	2, 4, 7,8, 10, 15
	Proteomics	$132 [30]	None/minimum	GFAP [31] and LTBP2 [32] etc	2, 4, 8, 15
	Transcriptomics	AU$200 [33]	None/minimum	MicroRNAs, mRNA levels, etc	2, 5, 10, 15
Cognitive assessments	Neuropsychological evaluation	Vary by healthcare system	None	ADAS-Cog, CDR, MMSE, etc	3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17
Cognitive assessments	Questionnaire	Labor cost	None	ECOG and FAQ, etc	3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17
Demographics or clinical data from EHR	Census, observational cohort study, clinical history	Labor cost	None	Age, economic status, education, gender, lifestyle, medical history, race, etc	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Imaging	DTI	US$97 [34]	None	White matter integrity, brain network connectivity, etc.	3, 6, 7, 11
	Retinal imaging	AU$55^a	None	Network complexity, tortuosity, vessel calibers, etc	14
	CT	AU$342.95^a	None	Structural images	1
	MRI	AU$426.5^a	None	Functional MRI: tracking alterations in blood flow linked to neural activity [35] structural MRI: brain anatomy images [36]	3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17
	PET	AU$605.05^a	None/moderate	Aβ-PET, FDG-PET, tau-PET [37], etc	2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17
Physiological monitoring	EEG	AU$358.45^a	None	Brain waves, electrical activity of the brain, etc	1, 17
Physiological monitoring	ECG	AU$167.55^a	None	Electrical activity of the heart, etc	1, 2, 10, 17
Speech and language [38]	Microphones & recording	-	None	Acoustic, prosodic, etc	-

Abbreviations: Aβ amyloid-beta, ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive Subscale, APOE apolipoprotein E, APP amyloid precursor protein, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, CT computed tomography, DTI diffusion tensor image, ECG electrocardiogram, ECOG Everyday Cognition Scale, EEG electroencephalogram, EHR electronic health records, FAQ Functional Activities Questionnaire, FDG-PET fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, HMRS high-resolution mass spectrometry, LTBP2 latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PSEN1 presenilin 1, PSEN2 presenilin 2, PET positron emission tomography
^aprices were obtained from Australia Medicare Benefits Schedule website in June 2024 [39]
^brefer to Table 1 for dataset number

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ISSN: 1758-9193

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