Table 2 Details of seven studies using active auditory stimulation

1

Barnes et al. 2009 [21]

United States

RCT

MCI

BrainHQ

100 min/day 5 days/week Till 80% of training is completed

1. RBANS (Repeatable Battery for Assessment of cognitive Status)

2. California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II)

3. Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT)

4. Boston Naming Test (BNT)

5. California Trail Making Test

6. Design Fluency tests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale

7. Spatial Span test

2

Rosen et al. 2011 [26]

United States

RCT

MCI

BrainHQ

100 min/day 5 days/week Till 80% of training is completed

1. RBANS (Repeatable Battery for Assessment of cognitive Status)

2. Auditory verbal task during fMRI

3

Chandler et al. 2017 [23]

United States

RCT

aMCI

BrainHQ

10 h in total

1. Dementia rating scale-2 (DRS-2)

2. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)

3. Everyday cognition

4. Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scales (adapted selected items)

5. Adherence assessment

4

Lee et al. 2017 [25]

China

RCT

Risk of cognitive decline

Training program modeled after Brain fitness (other details not mentioned)

13 weeks

1. Seashore Rhythm Test

2. Digit Vigilance Test

3. Digit span test and Spatial span test

5

Styliadis et al. 2015 [29]

Greece

Pre and Post Experimental design

MCI

LLM- BrainHQ + Physical Exercise

One hour/session (BrainHQ) 3 to 5 days/week 8 weeks

1. MMSE

2. Resting state EEG with eyes closed

6

Bamidis et al. 2015 [27]

Greece

Pre and Post Experimental design

Cognitively healthy to MCI or Dementia

LLM- BrainHQ + Physical Exercise

Ranged from 24 to 110 sessions for 6 weeks

1. California Verbal Learning Test

2. Digit Span Test

3. Trail Making Test

7

Klados et al. 2016 [28]

Greece

Pre and Post Experimental design

MCI

LLM- BrainHQ + Physical Exercise

One hour/session (BrainHQ) 3 to 5 days/week 8 weeks

1. Resting state EEG with eyes closed

2. California Verbal Learning Test

3. Digit Span Test

4. Trail Making Test