Fig. 2

Risk factors for a cognitive decline in A+ participants in univariate analyses. An initial screening was conducted using univariate models for the risk factors that might contribute to a cognitive decline in the A+ population. Univariate mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the temporal associations of the risk factors with ADNI-EF2, and ADNI-MEM scores (A). Univariate mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the temporal associations of the risk factors with overall cognitive performance (MMSE and MoCA) (B.) Univariate COX regression models were carried out to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of these risk factors for cognitive diagnosis conversion (C). Age, gender, years of education, APOE-ε4 status, and baseline cognitive status are included as basic covariates. “*” indicated that the results were statistically significant (*p < 0.1). Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid-β; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by square of height in meters); ADNI-EF2, the ADNI Composite Executive Function 2 score; ADNI-MEM, the ADNI Composite Memory Score; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment