Table 1 Basic characteristics of included participants

N

378

272

650

/

Age, year, mean [SD]

73.21 [6.67]

73.93 [6.91]

73.51 [6.78]

0.104^‡

Gender, female/male

81/194

114/158

297/353

0.101^†

Education, year, mean [SD]

16.27 [2.75]

16.08 [2.79]

16.19 [2.75]

0.384^‡

APOE ε4 carrier, yes (%)

202 (53.44)

178 (65.44)

380 (58.46)

0.004^†

CSF Aβ₄₂, pg/mL, mean [SD]

765.90 [247.85]

659.55 [207.98]

716.35 [236.17]

< 0.001^‡

CSF p-tau, pg/mL, mean [SD]

25.85 [13.70]

34.08 [15.03]

29.63 [14.90]

< 0.001^‡

Cognitive composite measures

Memory function, mean [SD]

0.49 [0.94]

-0.49 [0.72]

0.08 [0.98]

< 0.001^‡

Executive function, mean [SD]

0.07 [0.85]

-0.59 [0.90]

-0.21 [0.93]

< 0.001^‡

MMSE, mean [SD]

27.34 [2.79]

24.37 [3.47]

26.10 [3.42]

< 0.001^‡

MoCA, mean [SD]

23.62 [3.68]

20.12 [4.17]

22.33 [4.22]

< 0.001^‡

Vital signs

Body weight, kg, mean [SD]

77.25 [15.81]

75.75 [14.54]

76.63 [15.31]

0.495^‡

Body height, cm, mean [SD]

169.42 [16.90]

168.89 [10.31]

169.20 [14.53]

0.587^‡

BMI, kg/m², mean [SD]

27.51 [9.72]

26.43 [4.77]

27.05 [7.99]

0.128^‡

Systolic pressure, mmHg, mean [SD]

135.88 [16.35]

136.45 [18.27]

136.12 [17.17]

0.944^‡

Diastolic pressure, mmHg, mean [SD]

75.80 [9.46]

75.22 [9.32]

75.56 [9.40]

0.595^‡

Pulse pressure, mmHg, mean [SD]

60.09 [14.74]

61.23 [16.21]

60.56 [15.38]

0.616^‡

Race

0.071^†

Asian, yes (%)

2 (0.53)

4 (1.47)

6 (0.92)

White, yes (%)

345 (92.00)

258 (94.85)

603 (93.19)

Black, yes (%)

17 (4.50)

8 (2.94)

25 (3.86)

More than one, yes (%)

11 (2.52)

2 (0.73)

13 (2.01)

Participant handedness, right (%)

341 (90.45)

246 (92.13)

587 (91.14)

0.522^†

Parental dementia, yes (%)

236 (62.59)

155 (58.05)

495 (76.86)

0.228^†

Lifestyle

Alcohol abuse, yes (%)

9 (2.38)

12 (4.41)

21 (3.26)

0.140^†

Cigarette abuse, yes (%)

136 (36.07)

106 (38.97)

242 (37.58)

0.363^†

Drug abuse, yes (%)

2 (0.53)

3 (1.10)

5 (0.78)

0.400^†

Marital Status, yes (%)

0.033^†

Married

270 (71.81)

220 (80.88)

490 (75.73)

divorced

38 (10.11)

19 (6.99)

57 (8.80)

Widowed

46 (13.03)

17 (6.25)

73 (11.27)

Never married

22 (5.85)

6 (2.21)

28 (4.32)

Retired, yes (%)

300 (80.43)

224 (86.49)

524 (83.04)

0.054^†

Clinical diseases

Stroke, yes (%)

2 (0.52)

7 (2.57)

9 (1.40)

0.026^†

Hypertension, yes (%)

185 (49.07)

125 (45.96)

310 (48.14)

0.551^†

Psychiatric diseases, yes (%)

126 (33.42)

95 (34.93)

221 (34.37)

0.586^†

Neurologic diseases (other than AD), yes (%)

103 (27.32)

79 (29.04)

182 (28.26)

0.543^†

Otolaryngology diseases, yes (%)

239 (63.40)

179 (65.81)

418 (64.91)

0.362^†

Cardiovascular diseases, yes (%)

248 (65.78)

172 (63.24)

420 (65.22)

0.686^†

Respiratory diseases, yes (%)

76 (20.16)

54 (19.85)

130 (20.19)

0.997^†

Hepatic diseases, yes (%)

16 (4.24)

8 (2.94)

24 (3.73)

0.407^†

Dermatologic-Connective Tissue diseases, yes (%)

129 (34.22)

88 (32.35)

217 (33.69)

0.721^†

Musculoskeletal diseases, yes (%)

260 (68.97)

185 (68.01)

445 (69.10)

0.970^†

Endocrine-Metabolic diseases, yes (%)

165 (44.50)

104 (38.24)

269 (41.77)

0.212^†

Gastrointestinal diseases, yes (%)

189 (50.01)

113 (41.54)

302 (46.89)

0.047^†

Hematopoietic-Lymphatic diseases, yes (%)

39 (10.34)

23 (8.45)

62 (9.63)

0.457^†

Urinary disease, yes (%)

159 (42.17)

117 (43.01)

276 (42.86)

0.699^†

Allergies or Drug Sensitivities, yes (%)

158 (41.90)

106 (38.97)

264 (40.37)

0.556^†

Malignancy diseases, yes (%)

91 (24.13)

65 (23.90)

156 (24.22)

0.967^†

Major Surgical Procedures, yes (%)

283 (75.10)

193 (70.90)

476 (73.91)

0.396^†

Parkinsonism, yes (%)

0 (0.00)

3 (1.10)

3 (0.64)

< 0.001^†

Subjective cognitive decline, yes (%)

236 (62.59)

216 (79.41)

452 (69.54)

< 0.001^†

Significant Visual Impairment, yes (%)

23 (0.53)

11 (4.12)

33 (5.12)

0.179^†

Significant Auditory Impairment, yes (%)

33 (0.88)

26 (9.74)

59 (9.16)

0.677^†

Clinical Scale

Geriatric Depression Scale, mean [SD]

1.34 [1.39]

1.58 [1.39]

1.44 [1.39]

0.030^‡

Hachinski ischemic Scores, mean [SD]

0.60 [0.65]

0.63 [0.78]

0.61 [0.71]

0.675^‡