Fig. 4

Analysis of gut and saliva microbiome composition and dysbiosis in different patient groups. A Relative abundance of taxa at the class level in the low, moderate, and high groups. Taxa with relative abundance < 1% are categorized as “others”. B Comparison of altered classes between high and low groups using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Mann–Whitney U tests. A class is considered significantly altered if it passes the dotted horizontal or vertical line. C Significant gut species that differ between high and low groups. D Correlation between top 20 gut microbiomes and significant clinical parameters. E Relative abundance of taxa at the class level in the low, moderate, and high groups for saliva microbiome. F Comparison of altered classes between high and low groups for saliva microbiome. G Significant saliva species that differ between high and low groups. H Correlation between top 20 saliva microbiomes and significant clinical parameters