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Table 2 Hazard ratio and 95% confident intervals for dementia and its subtypes, according to the facial age status

From: Facial aging, cognitive impairment, and dementia risk

 

Cases/person years

Model 1a

P value

Model 2b

P value

Dementia

 younger than your age (ref.)

4088/1,760,025

1 (ref.)

 

1 (ref.)

 

 about age

1466/530,949

1.21(1.14 ~ 1.28)

< 0.001

1.16(1.09 ~ 1.23)

< 0.001

 older than your age

105/25,424

1.97(1.62 ~ 2.39)

< 0.001

1.61(1.33 ~ 1.96)

< 0.001

 P trend

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

Alzheimer’s Disease

 younger than your age (ref.)

1762/1,765,141

1 (ref.)

 

1 (ref.)

 

about age

635/532,763

1.22(1.11 ~ 1.34)

< 0.001

1.19(1.09 ~ 1.31)

< 0.001

 older than your age

32/25,592

1.43(1.01 ~ 2.04)

0.04

1.23(0.87 ~ 1.75)

0.24

 P trend

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

Vascular Dementia

 younger than your age (ref.)

951/1,767,045

1 (ref.)

 

1 (ref.)

 

 about age

358/533,458

1.26(1.11 ~ 1.42)

< 0.001

1.17(1.04 ~ 1.33)

0.01

 older than your age

27/25,601

2.12(1.45 ~ 3.12)

< 0.001

1.55(1.06 ~ 2.28)

0.03

 P trend

  

< 0.001

 

0.001

Other and unspecified dementia

     

 younger than your age (ref.)

2862/1,763,301

1 (ref.)

 

1 (ref.)

 

 about age

1034/532,190

1.21(1.13 ~ 1.30)

< 0.001

1.16(1.08 ~ 1.25)

< 0.001

 older than your age

81/25,506

2.16(1.73 ~ 2.69)

< 0.001

1.74(1.40 ~ 2.18)

< 0.001

 P trend

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

  1. a Model 1 was adjusted for age (years), and sex (women; men)
  2. b Model 2 was additionally adjusted for ethnicity (white British; others), smoking status (current; former; never), body mass index category (< 25.0; 25.0-29.9; ≥30.0 kg/m2), alcohol intake (current; previous; never), education (College or University degree; A levels or equivalent; O levels or equivalent; None of the above), regular physical activity (no; yes; others), family history of AD (no; yes), at least one APOE ε4 allele (no, yes, missing), cancer at baseline (no; yes), CVD at baseline (no; yes), hypertension at baseline (no; yes), type 2 diabetes at baseline (no; yes), C-reactive protein, depressive symptom (no; yes), time spent outdoors in the summer (tertiles) and use of sun/UV protection (never/rarely; sometimes; most of the time; always; do not go out in sunshine) on the basis of the covariates adjusted in the Model 1