Table 1 Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between subjects with and without cognitive decline over a 5-year follow-up period
From: Retinal thickness predicts the risk of cognitive decline over five years
Entire sample | With cognitive decline | Without cognitive decline | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 490 | 280 | 210 | |
Age, years | 72.61 ± 7.78 | 74.20 ± 7.20 | 70.50 ± 8.02 | < 0.001 |
Gender, male | 214 (45%) | 128 (46%) | 86 (41%) | 0.293 |
Ethnicity | 0.731 | |||
Chinese | 414 (84%) | 234 (84%) | 180 (86%) | |
Malay | 42 (9%) | 28 (10%) | 14 (7%) | |
Indian | 28 (6%) | 15 (5%) | 13 (6%) | |
Other | 6 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 3 (1%) | |
Education, years | 7.46 ± 5.05 | 6.70 ± 4.89 | 8.50 ± 5.09 | < 0.001 |
Baseline diagnosis | < 0.001 | |||
No cognitive impairment | 107 (22%) | 28 (10%) | 79 (38%) | |
Cognitive impairment no dementia | 220 (45%) | 118 (42%) | 102 (48%) | |
Dementia | 163 (33%) | 134 (48%) | 29 (14%) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 126 (26%) | 78 (28%) | 48 (23%) | 0.210 |
Hypertension | 339 (69%) | 200 (71%) | 139 (66%) | 0.214 |
Hyperlipidemia | 357 (73%) | 215 (77%) | 142 (68%) | 0.031 |
Diabetes | 170 (35%) | 104 (37%) | 66 (31%) | 0.223 |
History of smoking | 28 (6%) | 14 (5%) | 14 (7%) | 0.555 |