Table 1 Participants’ characteristics and AD core biomarkers among groups

Age, yr

59 (54–65)

62 (54–67)

63 (57–71)

61 (54–67)

0.161

Sex, F/M, n

15/15

23/11

16/14

24/13

0.395

Education, yr

6.5 (4.5–10.3)

5.5 (3–11)

9 (7.7–14)

8 (3–11)

0.055

APOE ε4 carriers

2 (6.7%)

3 (8.8%)

16 (53.3%)^{a, b}

22 (59.5%)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

MMSE

27.5 (25–29)

16 (4.5–21)^a

20 (13.3–23.2)^a

11 (4.8–15.5)^{a, c}

< 0.001*

CSF biomarkers¹

Aβ42, pg/ml

670 (482–871)

479 (297–604)

283 (237–337)^a

203 (158–246)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

Aβ40, ng/ml

10.3 (6.1–10.3)

7.2 (3.6–7.2)

8.6 (5.8–8.6)

7.8 (3.7–7.8)^a

0.027*

Aβ42/Aβ40

0.095

(0.077–0.104)

0.082

(0.071–0.092)

0.042

(0.036–0.050)^{a, b}

0.040

(0.035–0.048)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

P-tau, pg/ml

31 (28–40)

35 (28–41)

102 (79–147)^{a, b}

118 (94–150)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

T-tau, pg/ml

79 (63–99)

88 (70–117)

168 (121–255)^{a, b}

183 (122–238)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

Plasma biomarkers²

Aβ42, pg/ml

11.9 (8.3–13.7)

11.1 (7.9–12.1)

9.1 (7.6–11.1)^a

9.7 (7.8–11.1)^a

< 0.001*

Aβ40, pg/ml

179 (155–199)

188 (163–207)

177 (163–218)

191 (162–209)

0.860

Aβ42/Aβ40

0.067

(0.060–0.076)

0.060

(0.053–0.068)

0.048

(0.040–0.059)^{a, b}

0.053

(0.045–0.057)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

P-tau, pg/ml

2.1 (1.5–2.6)

1.9 (1.6–2.8)

5.0 (2.7–7.3)^{a, b}

6.6 (4.4-8.0)^{a, b}

< 0.001*

T-tau, pg/ml

2.4 (2.0-2.9)

2.5 (2.0-3.5)

2.9 (2.4–4.4)^a

2.9 (2.4–3.6)

0.038*