Fig. 2

Comparative analysis of blood-based biomarker levels in clinical samples individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 18), behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD, n = 20), or non-neurodegenerative controls (NNC, n = 12). The distribution of biomarker levels across groups is visualized using boxplots overlaid with dot plots, showing both the interquartile range and individual data point distribution. Statistical comparisons were conducted using rank-based ANCOVA to assess overall differences among groups, with age and gender as covariates. Pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were performed for post-hoc analyses. Significance levels are denoted as follows: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, and ****P ≤ 0.0001