Table 3 Area under the curve and 95% CIs for the retinal and blood-based biomarkers to distinguish between preclinical AD and controls

Retinal Biomarkers – unimodal models

Putative retinal gliosis (mm²)

0.623 (0.077)

0.6225 (0.0899)^§

0.472, 0.773

0.4462, 0.7988^§

0.11

Inner nasal (IN) RNFL thickness (µm)

0.63 (0.077)

0.63 (0.1042)^§

0.479, 0.781

0.4258, 0.8342^§

0.09

Inner superior (IS) RNFL thickness (µm)

0.572 (0.077)

0.5719 (0.1031)^§

0.421, 0.722

0.3698, 0.774^§

0.35

Inner inferior (II) RNFL thickness (µm)

0.569 (0.077)

0.5694 (0.0952)^§

0.419, 0.720

0.3829, 0.7559^§

0.37

Plasma Biomarkers – unimodal models

p-tau217

0.873 (0.049)

0.8725 (0.0698)^§

0.777, 0.968

0.7356, 1.0094^§

< 0.001^#

p-tau181

0.591 (0.077)

0.5913 (0.1079)^§

0.439, 0.743

0.3797, 0.8028^§

0.24

Aβ42/40

0.535 (0.082)

0.535 (0.1149)^§

0.375, 0.695

0.3097, 0.7603^§

0.67

NfL

0.496 (0.078)

0.4963 (0.1081)^§

0.343, 0.649

0.2845, 0.708^§

0.96

Retinal and Plasma Biomarkers – multimodal models

p-tau217 + p-tau181

0.890 (0.043)

0.89 (0.0612)^§

0.805, 0.975

0.77, 1.01^§

< 0.001^#

p-tau217 + Aβ42/40

0.933 (0.035)

0.9325 (0.0493)^§

0.865, 1.000

0.8359, 1.0291^§

< 0.001^#

p-tau217 + NfL

0.895 (0.043)

0.895 (0.0604)^§

0.812, 0.978

0.7766, 1.0134^§

< 0.001^#

Retinal*

0.676 (0.071)

0.6762 (0.0849)^§

0.537, 0.815

0.5099, 0.8426^§

0.013

Gliosis + p-tau217

0.900 (0.042)

0.9 (0.0568)^§

0.818, 0.982

0.7887, 1.0113^§

< 0.001^#

Gliosis + p-tau217 + Aβ42/40

0.965 (0.023)

0.965 (0.0289)^§

0.920, 1.000

0.9083, 1.0217^§

< 0.001^#

RNFL thickness at IN, IS and II sectors + p-tau217 + Aβ42/40

0.926 (0.036)

0.9262 (0.051) ^§

0.856, 0.997

0.826, 1.0265^§

< 0.001^#

Retinal* + p-tau217

0.908 (0.039)

0.9075 (0.053)^§

0.832, 0.983

0.8036, 1.0114^§

< 0.001^#

Retinal* + p-tau217 + Aβ42/40

0.970 (0.020)

0.97 (0.0235)^§

0.930, 1.010

0.9239, 1.0161^§

< 0.001^#