Fig. 4

Riluzole improved cognition and learning abilities in 3xTg AD mice. (A) Representative trajectories of the AD_R, AD_C, C57_R and C57_C groups in Morris Water Maze at 20 weeks post-treatment. The spatial learning tests (upper panels) and probe test (lower panels) were shown, and the AD_C group showed longer search times and more convoluted swimming paths in the target quadrant. (B) Spatial learning test conducted at 20 weeks post-treatment (days 2–5). The latencies of searching for the hidden platform were significantly longer in the AD_C group compared to the other three groups. The capped lines indicated significant differences between treatment groups. (C-D) Probe tests performed at baseline, 10 and 20 weeks post-treatment. At 10 and 20 weeks, the AD_C group showed significantly lower Target Quadrant Occupancy, measured as percentage of time (C) and pathlength (D), compared to the C57_R and C57_C groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001