Multi-omics analyses identify gut microbiota-fecal metabolites-brain-cognition pathways in the Alzheimer’s disease continuum

Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics of the participants

Characteristic	HC (N = 61)	MCI (N = 75)	AD (N = 30)	Statistical test
Age (years)	62.39 ± 6.92	64.48 ± 7.91	65.47 ± 7.99	F = 2.066, P = 0.130
Sex (female)	36 (59.0%)	41 (54.7%)	23 (76.7%)	χ² = 4.391, P = 0.111
Education (years)	8.57 ± 4.45	8.11 ± 3.39	6.93 ± 4.33	F = 1.714, P = 0.183
BMI (kg/m²)	23.71 ± 2.65	23.12 ± 2.81	21.38 ± 2.34	F = 7.747, P < 0.001
Alcohol abuse	10 (16.4%)	17 (22.7%)	6 (20.0%)	χ² = 0.831, P = 0.660
Current smoking	10 (16.4%)	19 (25.3%)	4 (13.3%)	χ² = 2.673, P = 0.263
Hypertension	14 (23.0%)	27 (36.0%)	11 (36.7%)	χ² = 3.148, P = 0.207
Diabetes mellitus	6 (9.8%)	10 (13.3%)	5 (16.7%)	χ² = 0.907, P = 0.635
Dyslipidemia	13 (21.3%)	13 (17.3%)	6 (20.0%)	χ² = 0.354, P = 0.838
MMSE	28.67 ± 1.39	25.83 ± 2.71	14.70 ± 6.23	F = 184.913, P < 0.001
MoCA	25.82 ± 2.53	19.81 ± 3.16	9.40 ± 4.54	F = 236.927, P < 0.001
AVLT-IR	16.66 ± 4.16	13.40 ± 4.15	6.43 ± 5.08	F = 44.933, P < 0.001
AVLT-SR	5.98 ± 2.10	3.94 ± 2.20	1.16 ± 1.57	F = 41.736, P < 0.001
AVLT-LR	5.47 ± 2.21	3.36 ± 2.26	0.42 ± 0.96	F = 43.962, P < 0.001
AVLT-recognition	21.43 ± 2.40	19.15 ± 2.77	12.35 ± 6.373	F = 52.095, P < 0.001

Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA (F) and Pearson’s chi-squared tests (χ²) were conducted for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Entries in bold indicate a significant difference between groups. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AVLT-IR, auditory verbal learning test immediate recall; AVLT-SR, auditory verbal learning test short term recall; AVLT-LR, auditory verbal learning test long term recall; BMI, body mass index; HC, healthy controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment

ISSN: 1758-9193