Table 2 Intensity of multimodal intervention studies
Study (country; start-completion dates) | MI population | Length (mo) | Multimodal Dose1 (number of visits or sessions) | Expected intensity (Dose expected/ Length) | Observed intensity (Dose observed/ Length) | Main delivery mode | Cognitive outcome results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Completed studies | ||||||||
FINGER (Finland; 2009–2014) | N = 631 (60–77 years, CAIDE dementia risk score ≥ 6, and cognitive performance at the mean level or slightly lower than expected for age) | 24 | Expected: 256 sessions in total - 150 Cognitive training (6 group sessions and 144 training exercises) - 88 Physical exercise sessions (80 individual gym training sessions and 8 individual muscle training sessions) - 9 Nutrition counseling visits (3 individual and 6 group sessions) - 9 CV consultations (2 doctor and 7 nurse consultations) | 10.6 | Structured program | Intervention had beneficial effect on the NTB composite | ||
MAPT (France; 2008–2014) | N = 837 (≥ 70 years, MMSE ≥ 24, with memory complaints, limitation in one IADL or slow gait speed) | 36 | Expected: 43 sessions in total (38 group sessions + 5 individual interviews) - 14 Multidomain sessions (combined cognitive training, nutrition and physical activity advice) - 14 Cognitive training sessions - 6 Physical activity advice - 3 Nutritional advice - 6 General health advice/Cardiovascular consultations - Omega-3 capsules (2 capsules/day) Observed: 28.86 (mean number of sessions) | 1.2 | 0.8 | Structured program | No effect of intervention on global cognition measured with a composite Z score combining four tests. No effect of intervention on other secondary cognitive outcomes. | |
eMIND (France; 2017–2019) | N = 60 (≥ 65 years, MMSE ≥ 24, with subjective memory complaints) | 6 | Expected: 117 sessions Participants were requested to follow both exercise and cognitive training twice a week, and nutritional advices every fifteen days; | 19.5 | Self-guided | No differences on global cognition measured with a composite Z score combining four tests. No effect of intervention on other cognitive outcomes. | [63] | |
preDIVA (The Netherlands; 2006–2013) | N = 1293 (70–78 years without dementia) | 72 | Expected: 18 visits in total (every 4 months) with practice nurse and general practice where participants were assessed for CV risk factors and blood glucose and lipid concentrations (every two years). On the basis of these assessments, participants received individually tailored lifestyle advice. | 0.3 | Self-guided | No effect of intervention on dementia incidence. | ||
HATICE (The Netherlands, Finland, France; 2015–2018) | N = 1194 (≥ 55 years without dementia, with CV risk factors, history of CVD or diabetes) | 18 | Expected: 72 logins in total (4 logins per month were expected) Observed: 32 logins in total (median of 1.8 logins per month) | 4.0 | 1.8 | Self-guided | No differences between groups in the MMSE or a composite Z score of seven cognitive tests. No effect of the intervention on any of the individual cognitive tests. | |
MIND-ADmini (Sweden, France, Germany, Finland; 2017–2020) | N = 63 (60–85 years, prodromal AD) | 6 | Expected: 106 sessions - 6 nutrition counseling visits (3–4 group and 3 individual sessions) - 48 exercise sessions (2 times/week) - 50 cognitive training sessions (2–3 group sessions and 48 individual training sessions twice a week) - 2 CV risk consultation visits at 3 and 6 months Medical food (a 125 ml once-a-day milk-based drink) | 17.7 | Structured program | Not reported | [65] | |
AgeWell.de (Germany; 2018–2022) | N = 546 (60–77 years, CAIDE ≥ 9, without dementia) | 24 | Expected: 527 in total - 208 Physical activity sessions (exercises for strength/flexibility to be conducted at home twice a week) - 312 Cognitive training sessions (15 min, 3 times per week) - 7 Nutrition counseling visits (2 face-to-face and 5 via telephone) led by study nurses (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 20 months) - Management of vascular risk factors and individual goals for social activities in the regular general practitioner (GP) visits | 22.0 | Self-guided | No effect of intervention on global cognitive performance measured with a composite Z score combining five tests. In sensitivity analyses, beneficial intervention effects were observed on the domain of social cognition. | [25] | |
GOIZ ZAINDU (Spain; 2018–2020) | N = 64 (+ 60 years, CAIDE ≥ 6, no dementia, cognitive performance below-than-expected or with MCI) | 12 | Expected: 156 sessions - 3 cardiovascular risk monitoring visits (month 3, 6, 9) - 5 nutritional visits (month 1, 3, 6, 7, 9) - 13 group-based cognitive stimulation sessions - 135 individual cognitive training sessions (3 times/week for 10 months) - Recommendations to practice 2 to 6 times/week of physical exercise) Observed: 99 sessions - 2 cardiovascular visits (3 with 67.2% of average participation) - 3.7 nutritional counseling visits (5 with 73.4% of adherence) - 7.1 group-based cognitive stimulation sessions (13 with 54.8% of adherence) - 86.5 individual cognitive training sessions (135 with 64.1% of adherence) *Self-reported adherence | 13 | 8.3 | Structured program | No effect of intervention on global cognition measured with the modified NTB composite (mixed models of repeated measures analyses). However, the intervention reduced the risk of cognitive decline for the NTB executive function score and the NTB processing speed score. | [18] |
ASPIS (Austria; 2010–2014) | N = 101 (40–80 years, MMSE ≥ 24, within 3 months after an acute stroke) | 24 | Expected: 45 sessions - 13 dietary counseling visits (7 group and 6 individual visits) - 8 physical exercise group meetings. - 24 cognitive training group sessions (monthly) Observed: 32 sessions - 12 dietary counseling visits (5 individual and 7 group; median adherence) - 8 physical activity group meetings (median adherence) - 12 cognitive group meetings (median adherence) | 1.9 | 1.3 | Structured program | No effect of intervention on global cognition measured with the ADAS-cog. No effect of intervention on cognitive decline or other secondary cognitive outcome variables. | |
StayFitLonger (Switzerland, Canada, Belgium; 2019–2021) | N = 59 (≥ 60 years, MoCA ≥ 26, and Fried’s frailty index < 3) | 6 | Expected: 156 sessions in total During the 26 weeks of intervention, participants were asked to engage in physical exercise 3 days per week for 30–45 min and cognitive exercise for at least three 15-min sessions per week, and through a chat room had opportunities for social and contributing interactions, and psychoeducation content | 26.0 | Self-guided | In the overall sample, no effect of intervention on global cognition measured with the ZAVEN composite score. No effect of intervention on executive function, processing speed, or memory composites. | [68] | |
SMARRT (USA; 2018–2022) | N = 82 (70–89 years and with ≥ 2 of 8 targeted risk factors) | 24 | Expected: 28 health coaching contacts (maximum number of contacts) - Health coaching sessions offered every 4 weeks during the first 3 months, and every 6 weeks for the final 15 months Observed: 18.5 (mean number of contacts) | 1.2 | 0.8 | Self-guided | Intervention had beneficial effect on the modified NTB composite | |
COCOA (USA; 2018–2022) | N = 31 (≥ 50 years with early AD) | 24 | Expected: 778 sessions: - 24 calls by a dietitian or nurse. - 24 text or email communications - 730 sessions of cognitive training (30 min/day during the 24 months) | 32.4 | Self-guided | Intervention had beneficial effect on the Memory Performance Index | ||
COMBAT (China; 2019–2021) | N = 86 (≥ 60 years at-risk) | 9 | Expected: 39 sessions in total - Multidomain training program consisting of mindfulness meditation, cognitive training, physical exercise, and nutrition counseling for 9 months, delivered with weekly group sessions at the community hospitals and self-monitoring homework. | 4.3 | Structured program | Intervention had beneficial effect on global cognition measured with a composite Z score combining seven tests | [82] | |
Yang Q-h, et al. 2022 (China; 2019–2021) | N = 61 (≥ 65 years with MCI) | 6 | Expected: 102 sessions - 6 individual nutrition counseling visits. - 44 physical activity sessions (facility based; once/week for the first month and twice/week for months 2–6). - 48 cognitive training sessions (twice/week). - 4 vascular risk monitoring visits. | 17.0 | Structured program | Intervention had beneficial effect on the MoCA total score | ||
Meng X, et al. 2024 (China; 2017–2017) | N = 48 (≥ 60 years at risk) | 6 | Expected: 169 sessions - 153 online educational program, including 27 articles and 126 messages. - 12 cognitive training sessions (1/week, for 12 weeks). - 1 group discussion on dementia-related themes - 3 outdoor aerobic activities - 3 one-to-one voluntary services (only for 11 participants; not considered in the total dose) Observed: 115 sessions - 109 online educational program (70% adherence) - 3 cognitive training sessions (26% adherence) - 1 group discussion (74% adherence) - 2 outdoor aerobic activities (65% adherence) | 28.2 | 19.2 | Self-guided | Intervention had beneficial effect on global cognition measured with a composite Z score combining four tests (PACC) | [71] |
J-MINT (Japan; 2019–2022) | N = 265 (65–85 years with MCI) | 18 | Expected: 245 sessions - 78 physical exercise sessions in group - 11 nutrition counseling visits (8 telephone and 3 in-person meetings) - 156 cognitive training sessions (9 months of cognitive training at least 4 times/week) Observed: 146 sessions - 64.9 ± 15.8 physical exercise sessions (83% of adherence) - 69.9 ± 96.8 cognitive training sessions - No information on adherence rates to nutrition (11 sessions planned) | 13.6 | 8.1 | Structured program | No differences in cognitive performance measured with a composite Z score combining seven tests. Benefits on executive function/processing speed | |
J-MIND-Diabetes (Japan; 2019–2022) | N = 81 (70–85 years with type 2 diabetes and with MCI to mild dementia) | 18 | Expected: 48 sessions - 39 group-based physical exercise sessions - 9 individual nutritional counseling sessions (once every two months) - Recommendations to go out at least 3 times/week to promote social participation - Personalized goals for management of diabetes | 2.7 | Structured program | No differences in cognitive performance measured with a composite Z score combining eight tests | [85] | |
Bae S, et al. 2019 (Japan; 2017–2017) | N = 41 (≥ 60 years with MCI) | 6 | Expected: 48 sessions - Integrated 90-minute multimodal sessions twice weekly for 24 weeks (16 physical activity sessions, 16 cognitive activities sessions, and 16 social activities sessions) | 8.0 | Structured program | No differences in cognitive performance measured with the MMSE. However, the intervention had beneficial effect on spatial working memory. | [73] | |
SUPERBRAIN (South Korea; 2019–2020) | N = 51 (older adults with memory complaints) | 6 | Expected: 72 sessions in total - Participants visited a study facility three times a week to perform all intervention programs in group or individual sessions (during 24 weeks) Observed: 68 sessions (72 sessions with average adherence of 94.5%) | 12 | 11.3 | Structured program | Intervention had beneficial effect on global cognition measured with the RBANS total scale index score. | [74] |
Park JE, et al. 2019 (South Korea; 2016–2017) | N = 13 (≥ 60 years, pre-frail/frail) | 6 | Expected: 13 sessions - 8 MI sessions: 4-week group-based intensive program - 5 Monthly monitoring sessions (20 weeks) during the maintenance program | 2.1 | Structured program | No differences in global cognitive performance measured with the CERAD-TS battery. | [86] | |
Ng PEM, et al. 2021 (Singapore; 2018–2020) | N = 96 (≥ 55 years at risk of cognitive impairment) | 6 | Expected: 48 sessions in total (biweekly sessions) - Cognitive training and physical activity: 31% physical-cognitive dual-task exercises and 69% cognitive sessions, of which 19% were based on small group activities and 50% were computerized cognitive training. Physical training of moderate intensity was conducted in supervised groups of 6 to 10 participants - Nutritional guidance was intended to be on-going via a mobile application throughout the length of the intervention, with one a month face-to-face nutritional talk with a dietitian | 8.0 | Self-guided | No effect of intervention on global cognition measured with the RBANS total score. No effect of intervention on specific cognitive domains. | [76] | |
S-FIT (Singapore; 2009–2014) | N = 49 (≥ 65 years, frailty, MMSE > 23) | 6 | Expected: 48 in total - 24 cognitive training sessions: 2-hour duration weekly group training sessions - 24 physical exercise: Moderate intensity physical exercise on 2 days per week in supervised groups for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of home-based exercises - Daily nutritional supplement Observed: 42 (72 sessions with 88% of adherence) | 8 | 7 | Structured program | No effect of intervention on global cognition measured with the RBANS total scale index score. Intervention had beneficial effect on visuospatial construction. | [77] |
SINGER-Pilot (Singapore; 2018–2020) | N = 34 (≥ 65 years with mild-to-moderate frailty) | 6 | Expected: 81 sessions - 4 dietary intervention sessions (2 group, 2 individual) - 3 vascular monitoring visits - 74 cognitive training sessions (72 cognitive training sessions plus 2 memory group talks) - Home-based physical exercise recommendations (twice weekly) | 13.5 | Structured program | Not reported | [75] | |
THISCE (Taiwan; 2014–2016) | N = 549 (≥ 65 years, at risk) | 12 | Expected: 16 sessions - 16 Multidomain sessions: 4 during the first month, 2 during the second month, and 1 month during months 3–12 | 1.3 | Structured program | No differences in cognitive performance measured with the MoCA test. | [87] | |
Ongoing studies within the WW-FINGERS network | ||||||||
PENSA Study (Spain) | N = 104 (60–80 years, APOE-ɛ4 carriers with subjective cognitive decline) | 12 | Expected: 245 sessions in total - 144 individual cognitive training sessions (12/month) - 9 individual nutrition counseling visits - 72 group exercise sessions - 10 psychoeducation group sessions - 10 social and cognitive stimulation activities - EGCG intake (1–2 times/day) - Ecological momentary assessments-EMAs (daily) - Activity tracker (daily) Observed: 175 sessions in total - 104 cognitive training sessions (144 with 72.6% average adherence) - 8.1 individual nutrition counseling visits (9 visits with 90.3% of adherence) - 44.7 exercise sessions (72 sessions with 62.1% average adherence) - 7.9 psychoeducation group sessions (10 sessions with 79% of adherence) - 10 social stimulation sessions (no data on compliance) | 20.4 | 14.5 | Structured program | [32] | |
CITA GO-ON (Spain) | N = 547 (60–85 years, CAIDE ≥ 6, nondemented but with low performance in at least one of 3 cognitive tests) | 24 | Expected: 340 - 6 cardiovascular risk monitoring visits (1 visit every 4 months) - 6 group-based nutrition counseling visits - Recommendations to perform physical activity at home (30 min/day) - 16 group-based cognitive training sessions - 312 individual cognitive training sessions (15–20 min, 3 days/week) | 14.1 | Structured program | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04840030 [34] | ||
FINGER-NL (The Netherlands) | N = 603 (60–80 years at risk) | 24 | Expected: 112 sessions The lifestyle intervention consists of 7 lifestyle domains including physical exercise, cognitive training, management of metabolic and vascular risk factors, nutritional counseling, sleep counseling, stress management, and social activities; and Souvenaid®. - 21 physical activity sessions (9 online group meetings, 7 study-site meetings and 5 personal lifestyle coach sessions). - 21 cognitive training sessions (5 online group meetings, 2 personal lifestyle coach sessions, and 6 individual sessions provided via the digital intervention platform; plus 2 booster sessions during the second year, each including 2 online group meetings and 2 individual sessions). - 11 CV risk management visits (2 online group meeting, 4 at study-site group meetings and 6 personal lifestyle coach sessions) - 34 nutritional counselling visits (5 online group meeting, 1 at study-site group meeting, 24 individual online sessions and 4 personal lifestyle coach sessions) - 5 sleep counselling visits (1 online group meeting, 1 personal lifestyle coach sessions, 2 individual sessions provided via the digital platform; plus 1 booster session that includes an online group meeting) - 12 stress-management visits (7 study-site group meetings, 2 online group meetings and 3 individual online sessions) - 8 social activities (group meetings) | 4.7 | Mixed | |||
MET-FINGER (UK, Finland, Sweden) | N = 300 (60–79 years, APOE ε4-enriched population at increased risk of dementia) | 24 | Expected: 310 sessions - 10 dietary sessions (7 group and 3 individual sessions) - 144 physical activity sessions (92 in a gymnasium and 52 online) - 150 cognitive training sessions (6 in group and 144 independent training exercises) - 6 CV monitoring sessions (3 practical and 3 medical consultation) Metformin (2 times/day) | 12.9 | Structured program | [36] | ||
LETHE (Austria, Finland, Italy, Sweden) | N = 78 (60–77 years with increased dementia risk and sufficient digital readiness) | 24 | Expected: 532 sessions (approx.) - 5 dietary sessions (3–4 group and 1–2 individual sessions) - 209 physical activity sessions (1 in-person group session plus 1 session/week of independent strength training, and 1–5 sessions/week of independent aerobic training) - 315 cognitive training sessions (3 in group and 312 independent training) - 2–4 CV monitoring sessions | 22.2 | Mixed | [31] | ||
BRAIN-DIABETES (Ireland) | N = 35 (50 + years with type 2 diabetes) | 6 | Expected: Not available - 4-month active lifestyle program in the community followed by 2 months of engaging in a self-directed lifestyle program: o 5 diet sessions:1 online 90-min session with a nutritionist plus 4 online/telephone review meetings o 66 cognitive training sessions (4 individual cognitive training sessions per week for 30 min plus 2 introductory training sessions) o Remotely administered exercise intervention involving 1 online session with an instructor plus personalized recommendations to perform exercises at home that will increase in frequency and intensity over the first 4 weeks (number of sessions not specified) o 3 CV monitoring sessions | Mixed | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05304975 [88] | |||
PDP (Luxembourg) | N = 450 (31–90 years; implementation study targeting individuals with SCD or MCI). | Expected dose: Not available - Voucher system to provide access to the program activities, with a broad range of choices for cognitive training, physical activity, and social activities, individual sessions with a dietician, and counselling sessions with a psychologist. | Structured program | [89] | ||||
U.S. POINTER (USA) | N = 1000 (at-risk older adults) | 24 | Expected: 769 sessions - 38 weekly meetings: The structured (STR) program included weekly meetings for the first 4 months, then 2x/month for 2 months, and then monthly, with specific goals for physical activity, diet, cognitive/social challenge and health monitoring. Meetings were performed in groups of 12–15 participants. - 416 physical activity sessions: 4 times/week of physical activity (4 times/week of moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise for 30 min, 2 times/week of resistance training with weight for 15–20 min, and 2 times/week of stretching/balancing activities) - 312 Computer-based cognitive training (3 times/week) and home-based cognitively and socially challenging activities (via Team Meetings) - 3 Health coaching visits (participants meet with a study Medical Advisor every 6 months) | 32.0 | Structured program | |||
Can Thumbs Up (Canada) | N = 350 (60–85 years, cognitively unimpaired or MCI with at increased risk of dementia) | 12 | Expected: Not available Fully remote web-based educational intervention (Brain Health Support Program intervention for 45 weeks). The program content is provided progressively to deliver new weekly content of 40 min. Participants are invited to go over the material at their own rate over the week. | Self-guided | [90] | |||
LatAM-FINGERS (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay) | N = 600 (60–79 years at risk for dementia) | 12 | Expected: 364 sessions - 148 physical activity sessions (4 educational meetings + 144 group exercises on a regular basis; flexible protocol including 2–4 times/week sessions) - 4 dietary sessions (4 educational meetings + diet with nutritionist follow-up) - 208 cognitive training sessions (4 weekly sessions) - 4 medical monitoring sessions (4 educational meetings plus individual medical appointments) | 30.3 | Structured program | [30] | ||
Africa-FINGERS (Kenya and Nigeria) | N = 300 (50–85 years at risk for dementia) | 24 | Expected: 359 sessions - 10 nutritional counselling visits (3 individual and 7 group sessions) - 312 physical activity sessions (2–4 sessions/week) - 32 cognitive training sessions (8 group sessions and 24 individual sessions performed once/week for ~ 6 months) - 5 individual cardiovascular monitoring sessions | 15.0 | Structured program | [33] | ||
SINGER (Singapore) | N = 600 (60–77 years, at risk) | 24 | Expected: 254 sessions - 9 diet counseling sessions: 6 group-based nutrition advocacy workshops over 12 months plus 3 individual-based nutrition training sessions - 88 physical exercise sessions: once to twice weekly physical activity sessions (modified FINGER exercise program) - 154 cognitive training sessions: 10 cognitive training workshops plus 144 computer-based cognitive training sessions - 3 vascular risk factors management sessions | 10.5 | Structured program | [37] | ||
MYB-Maintain Your Brain (Australia) | N = 4250 (55–77 years with risk factors for dementia) | 36 | Expected: Not available Online: 4 modules (physical activity, nutrition, peace of mind, and brain training) administered based on individual risk profiles. Participants will complete their assigned modules sequentially, noting that the total number of modules varies depending on the respective individual’s risk factors. In practice, this will translate to a minimum of two modules and a maximum of four modules. Each module lasts 10 weeks. Upon completing a module, booster sessions (specific to each module) and ongoing monitoring will then continue for up to three years. | Self-guided | [91] | |||
AU-ARROW (Australia) | N = 300 (55–79 years with risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia) | 24 | Expected: 764 sessions - 16 group education meetings during the first month. - 416 physical exercise sessions in a gymnasium: four times/week (with at least 2 group classes per week). - 23 diet counselling sessions via the group education meetings plus monthly individual follow-up consultations with a dietitian starting at month 2 (phone calls). - 264 computer-based cognitive training sessions. Brain training exercises start at month 3 and are performed at home four times/week. - 3 medical monitoring consultations (every 6 months) - 23 group meetings (1 session/month, starting at month 2) - 19 monthly group meetings to provide further health education and support starting at week 6. | 31.8 | Structured program | [29] | ||
My-AGELESS (Malaysia) | N = 165 (60–80 years with cognitive frailty) | 24 | Expected: not available - 12 Nutritional guidance sessions: 3 individual and 9 group sessions - Psychosocial interventions (number of sessions not specified) - Physical training sessions: progressively increasing from one to five times a week over a period of 21 weeks - 260 cognitive training sessions (3 times a week for 20 months) | Structured program | [92] | |||
FINOMAIN (Philippines) | N = 300 (≥ 60 years with type 2 diabetes) | 12 | Expected: 110 sessions - 104 physical/cognitive exercise: dance called INDAK (Improving Neurocognition through Dance and Kinesthetics): 1 h, twice per week - 3 Nutrition counseling visits (every 3 months) - 3 Vascular risk management (every 3 months) | 9.2 | Structured program | [38] | ||
MIND-CHINA (China) | N = 760 (60–79 years) | NA | - Vascular care (blood pressure and fasting blood glucose are monitored every 2 months, blood lipids are monitored every 12 months, and group health education is held once every 6 months) - Lifestyle and dietary guidance to improve treatment and control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia - Group walking activities (five times a week with each exercise lasting for 20–30 min) - Personalized leisure activities (paper cutting and chess games) - Cognitive training (three times a week, 20 min each time, each time includes 5 games, 4 min/game, and the training is carried out for 6 months each year, a total of 72 times) | [93] Chinese Clinical Trial Registry number ChiCTR1800017758 | ||||
Ongoing studies outside the WW-FINGERS network | ||||||||
MINE (China) | N = 360 (≥ 50 years, MoCA < 26 points and MMSE > 22 points) | 6 | Expected: 176 sessions - 72 Exercise training group sessions, 3 times/week - 72 Meditation training (15–20 min after each exercise training session) - 4 Sleep guidance offline session every 1.5 months - 4 Dietary guidance every 1.5 months - 24 Health education: once a week for 6 months, in groups | 29.3 | Structured program | [41] | ||
The Heritage Study (China) | N = 600 (60–80 years with MCI and modifiable lifestyle factors) | 24 | Expected: 316 sessions - 156 cognitive training sessions: 12 structured group guidance cognitive education workshops and 144 individualized cognitive training sessions (3 times/week during the first 12 months) - 144 home-based physical exercise sessions (about 3 times/week during the first 12 months) - 8 nutritional sessions: 6 group nutrition workshops and 2 targeted dietary instruction visits - 4 vascular risks monitoring visits - 4 group psychological counseling sessions | 13.2 | Mixed | [94] | ||
CHINA-IN-MUDI (China) | N = 772 (60–80 years at risk) | 24 | Expected: 104 sessions - 104 weekly integrated multidomain on-site intervention (lasting 100 min), including group physical training, group cognitive training, medical monitoring, and nutrition and cardiovascular lecture and consultant. - Participants were encouraged to perform at least five weekly sessions at home, with a minimum of 20 min per session | 4.3 | Structured program | [95] | ||
J-MINT PRIME Tamba (Japan) | N = 100 (65–85 years with DASC-21 between 22–30 points and MMSE ≥ 24) | 18 | Expected: 78 interventions, delivered as one intervention per week and comprising four domains: - Lifestyle-related diseases management - Physical exercise (90 min per week) - 15 Nutrition counseling (3 times in-person guidance and 12 times telephone follow-up)apple - Cognitive training (4 days a week) | 4.3 | Structured program | [15] | ||
Brain Boosters (USA) | N = 112 (≥ 65 years with SCD) | 6 | Expected: 15 sessions - 15 two-hour classes with education about a variety of memory support strategies and healthy lifestyle behaviors, focusing on physical and cognitive activity and stress management - Support in adopting new behaviors and tracking set goals with the Electronic Memory and Management Aid (EMMA) digital application | 2.5 | Structured program | [96] | ||
The Gray Matters (USA) | N = 104 (40–64 years, at-risk or with MCI) | 6 | Expected: 39 sessions - 39 MI educational sessions - Social engagement workbook - Smartphone application with tips, feedback and weekly summaries - Personal coach (28 students volunteered to be personal coaches, who provided a weekly email or text message to participants to provide emotional support and encouragement of lifestyle goals) | 6.5 | Structured program | [97] | ||
APPLE Tree programme (UK) | N = 352 (≥ 60 years with SCD or MCI) | 6 | Expected: 30 sessions - 20 group sessions during the first 6 months: 10 1-hour group video call sessions every fortnight, and video-call ‘tea breaks’, less structured, to facilitate social sessions, in-between intervention sessions, with the same group - 10 individual goal‑setting phone calls after each main session (every 2 weeks) during the first 6 months - Access to an online cognitive training platform (the number of sessions is not specified) | 5 | Structured program | [98] | ||
BetterBrains (Australia) | N = 645 (40–70 years, have a family history of dementia, and at least one modifiable risk factor for dementia) | 12 | Expected: 58 - 6 education and coaching sessions via telehealth during the active intervention phase - Access to psychoeducation material about dementia risk reduction - 52 weekly notifications and reminders to check-in on their recommended intervention. | 4.8 | Self-guided | [99] | ||
HAPPI MIND (Australia) | N = 250 (45–65 years with ≥ 2 potential dementia risk factors) | 24 | Expected: 7 - 1 Individualized report with dementia risk based on ANU-ADRI questionnaire - 6 individualized dementia risk reduction motivational interview sessions over 24 months (face- to- face or via telephone or video telehealth) with a trained nurse. Interviews will include education on dementia and dementia risk reduction materials. - Access to the HAPPI-MIND app with support for self-management dementia risk factors at home and track progress against risk reduction goals | 0.3 | Self-guided | [100] | ||