Fig. 1

Distribution of Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers Across CKD Stages. The box-and-whisker plots illustrate the distribution of various Alzheimer's Disease biomarkers (Aβ42, Aβ40, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, P-tau181, P-tau217, P-tau231, NTA-tau, NfL, and GFAP) across different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Y-axis represents the biomarker concentrations, while the X-axis shows CKD stages 1, 2, and 3, with grey indicating CKD stage 1, orange for stage 2, and blue for stage 3. Each box plot displays the median (horizontal line), the interquartile range (IQR) from the 1st quartile (Q1) to the 3rd quartile (Q3), whiskers extending to 1.5 times the IQR, and outliers shown as points beyond the whiskers. Biomarker levels tend to increase with CKD severity, with the highest levels generally observed in CKD stage 3. For a detailed comparison between groups, see Supplementary Table 1