Scheme 1

Schematic illustration of the mechanism by Photobiomodulation (PBM) improve Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. PBM enhances mitochondrial respiratory by photoreceptor cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), which promotes the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP); inhibites neuronal apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism; regulates microglial polarization and autophagy, promoting Aβ clearance, reducing neurological damage. Ultimately, improving cognitive impairment in AD. Scheme1 was created by Figdraw