Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants stratified by intervention and control groups (presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation)

Age

67.71 ∓5.6

68.42 ∓5.2

68.1 ± 5.5

0.52

Age Group

0.56

60–69 years

35 (66.0%)

32 (60.4%)

67(63.2%)

70–79 years

17 (32.1%)

18 (34.0%)

35 (33.0%)

80 + years

1 (1.9%)

3 (5.6%)

4 (3.8%)

Gender

1

Male

22 (41.5%)

22 (41.5%)

44 (41.5%)

Female

31 (58.5%)

31 (58.5%)

62 (58.5%)

Ethnicity

0.69

Malay

47 (88.7%)

41 (77.4%)

88 (83%)

Chinese

1 (1.9%)

3 (5.7%)

4 (3.8%)

Indian

5 (9.4%)

9 (16.9%)

14 (13.2%)

Marital Status

0.85

Unmarried/widow/divorced

27 (50.9%)

29 (54.7%)

56 (52.8%)

Married

26 (49.1%)

24 (45.3%)

50 (47.2%)

Living Arrangement

Lives Alone

8 (15.1%)

7 (13.2%)

15 (14.2%)

0.87

With others

45 (84.9%)

46 (86.8%)

91 (85.8%)

Education years

8.8 ± 2.9

7.8 ± 4.7

8.3 ± 3.9

0.20

Occupation status

0.87

Not working

47 (88.7%)

46 (86.8%)

93 (87.7%)

Working

6 (11.3%)

7 (13.2%)

13 (12.3%)

Monthly income (MYR)

1306.1 ± 1420.5

1106.6 ± 987.5

1205.4 ± 1219.5

0.41

Polypharmacy

Yes

1 (1.9%)

4 (7.5%)

5 (4.7%)

No

52 (98.1%)

49 (92.5%)

101 (95.3%)

Multimorbidity

0.89

Yes

31 (58.5%)

32 (60.4%)

63 (59.4%)

No

22 (41.5%)

21 (39.6%)

43 (40.6%)

Smoking status

Smoker

12 (22.6)

4 (7.5)

16 (15.1)

0.06

Non smoker/past smoker

41 (77.4)

49 (92.5)

90 (84.9)

Family history of dementia

Yes

4 (7.5%)

5 (9.4%)

9 (8.5%)

0.54

No

49 (92.5%)

48 (90.6%)

97 (91.5%)

Hypertension

Yes

36 (67.9%)

34 (64.2%)

70 (66%)

0.84

No

17 (32.1%)

19 (35.8%)

36 (34%)

Hypercholesterolemia

Yes

30 (56.6%)

30 (56.6%)

60 (56.6%)

1.00

No

23 (43.4%)

23 (43.4%)

46 (43.4%)

Diabetes

Yes

30 (56.6%)

30 (56.6%)

60 (56.6%)

1.00

No

23 (43.4%)

23 (43.4%)

46 (43.4%)

Cognitive Frailty

0.40

Pre-CF

47 (88.7%)

44 (83%)

91 (85.9%)

CF

6 (11.3%)

9 (17%)

15 (14.1%)