Table 2 Effectiveness of the AGELESS Multidomain Intervention on Cognitive and Physical Function (Primary Outcomes) (Presented as mean ± SD)

Cognitive function

Categorical fluency test (score)

Baseline

10.03 ± 3.36

10.21 ± 3.41

 < 0.05*

0.12

0.85

0.88

0.01

0.13

0.33

0.03

0.16

6th month

10.74 ± 3.37

10.70 ± 3.17

12th month

11.91 ± 3.27

10.58 ± 2.95

24th month

11.81 ± 3.16

10.95 ± 3.43

RAVLT immediate

(score)

Baseline

4.75 ± 1.68

4.85 ± 1.45

0.46

0.04

0.21

0.87

0.01

0.05

0.81

0.05

0.17

6th month

4.77 ± 2.22

4.11 ± 2.17

12th month

5.35 ± 2.58

5.02 ± 2.33

24th month

4.92 ± 1.78

4.91 ± 1.51

RAVLT delay recall (score)

Baseline

5.0 ± 2.99

5.42 ± 2.20

 < 0.005*

0.33

0.97

0.06

0.11

0.49

0.68

0.01

0.05

6th month

5.4 ± 2.56

5.43 ± 2.10

12th month

7.05 ± 2.65

4.80 ± 2.06

24th month

5.48 ± 3.58

4.74 ± 2.67

Digit Span Forward (score)

Baseline

6.28 ± 3.29

7.14 ± 3.85

 < 0.05*

0.28

0.47

 < 0.05*

0.09

0.32

 < 0.05*

0.18

0.39

6th month

9.29 ± 2.88

7.33 ± 2.17

12th month

10.05 ± 2.03

8.09 ± 2.96

24th month

9.44 ± 2.79

8.39 ± 2.25

Digit span backward (score)

Baseline

4.38 ± 3.11

5.24 ± 2.01

0.34

0.01

0.31

0.48

0.12

0.28

0.65

0.09

0.12

6th month

5.16 ± 3.04

5.15 ± 2.09

12th month

5.21 ± 2.49

4.95 ± 3.89

24th month

5.01 ± 2.44

4.90 ± 2.98

Digit span overall (score)

Baseline

8.62 ± 2.29

9.74 ± 2.79

0.15

0.03

0.29

0.66

0.01

0.07

 < 0.005*

0.16

0.86

6th month

9.38 ± 2.69

9.32 ± 2.71

12th month

10.90 ± 2.93

8.89 ± 2.55

24th month

9.61 ± 2.60

9.25 ± 2.85

Visual paired associates (immediate) (score)

Baseline

2.12 ± 1.21

3.11 ± 1.01

 < 0.05*

0.15

0.83

0.4

0.01

0.13

 < 0.05*

0.10

0.63

6th month

3.98 ± 1.87

3.15 ± 1.98

12th month

5.08 ± 1.64

3.69 ± 1.17

24th month

3.36 ± 1.18

3.01 ± 1.42

Visual paired associates (delayed) (score)

Baseline

4.0 ± 1.67

4.06 ± 1.83

0.2

0.06

0.25

0.85

0.01

0.05

 < 0.05*

0.15

0.58

6th month

4.58 ± 1.30

3.78 ± 1.70

12th month

5.32 ± 0.88

4.22 ± 1.31

24th month

4.67 ± 2.09

3.63 ± 1.15

Verbal paired associates (immediate) (score)

Baseline

3.39 ± 1.45

3.56 ± 1.90

 < 0.05*

0.12

0.42

 < 0.005*

0.23

0.81

 < 0.001*

0.23

0.23

6th month

4.41 ± 1.13

3.44 ± 1.55

12th month

5.37 ± 1.07

3.59 ± 1.42

24th month

4.12 ± 1.58

4.08 ± 1.34

Verbal paired associates (delayed) (score)

Baseline

4.0 ± 1.67

4.06 ± 1.83

 < 0.05*

0.08

0.33

 < 0.05*

0.08

0.21

 < 0.05*

0.29

0.31

6th month

4.58 ± 1.30

3.78 ± 1.70

12th month

5.32 ± 0.88

4.22 ± 1.31

24th month

4.67 ± 2.09

3.63 ± 1.15

Physical Function

30 s sit to stand (repetitions)

Baseline

11.81 ± 3.37

10.18 ± 2.87

0.21

0.03

0.31

 < 0.05*

0.05

0.25

0.82

0.01

0.33

6th month

11.34 ± 3.73

11.0 ± 3.97

12th month

12.72 ± 3.13

10.65 ± 2.15

24th month

13.36 ± 3.43

11.45 ± 3.42

Chair sit and reach (cm)

Baseline

2.50 ± 8.54

2.86 ± 7.45

0.48

0.08

0.28

 < 0.05*

0.18

0.27

 < 0.005*

0.01

0.54

6th month

5.77 ± 8.65

3.13 ± 6.92

12th month

8.68 ± 6.14

3.98 ± 8.30

24th month

6.96 ± 5.15

3.31 ± 6.49

Timed up and go (s)

Baseline

11.03 ± 2.65

11.74 ± 3.30

 < 0.05*

0.05

0.47

0.85

0.01

0.19

0.26

0.02

0.28

6th month

10.89 ± 2.71

10.95 ± 2.42

12th month

10.55 ± 2.91

10.93 ± 2.55

24th month

11.76 ± 3.39

12.37 ± 3.60

6 m walk test (s)

Baseline

4.99 ± 3.42

4.91 ± 2.32

 < 0.005*

0.12

0.52

0.07

0.05

0.32

 < 0.05*

0.01

0.55

6th month

4.02 ± 1.05

4.76 ± 1.77

12th month

3.73 ± 0.88

4.21 ± 0.73

24th month

3.80 ± 0.80

4.51 ± 1.01

Back scratch test (cm)

Baseline

−11.84 ± 13.15

−17.27 ± 14.14

0.33

0.04

0.33

 < 0.05*

0.08

0.38

0.19

0.02

0.22

6th month

−9.58 ± 10.19

−14.04 ± 7.92

12th month

−5.56 ± 10.14

−13.98 ± 9.60

24th month

−6.26 ± 10.13

−4.78 ± 11.20

2 min step test (steps)

Baseline

70.81 ± 15.38

71.22 ± 13.28

 < 0.05*

0.08

0.44

0.34

0.06

0.25

 < 0.05*

0.11

0.49

6th month

75.55 ± 11.15

74.18 ± .16.77

12th month

81.13 ± 10.38

74.01 ± 15.33

24th month

79.72 ± 10.25

72.93 ± 11.25