Fig. 2

Overview of methodology a CSVD severity was evaluated via four established neuroimaging markers on 3 T MRI: white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces, and cerebral microbleeds. b Our research focused on two main aspects: plasma biomarkers and brain imaging characteristics. For plasma biomarkers, we measured Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/40. The results of the brain imaging analysis included WMH volume, WMH susceptibility, and choroid plexus volume. c Statistical analysis was conducted in multiple steps. First, linear regression models were used to analyze the relationships between plasma biomarkers and CP volume. Second, regression analysis was used to examine associations between CP volume and white matter characteristics (WMH volume and susceptibility). Finally, linear mixed-effects models were employed to assess the longitudinal relationships between CP volume and WMH measurements. Abbreviations: CSVD = cerebral small vessel disease; CP = choroid plexus; WMH = white matter hyperintensity