Linking oxysterols and different stages of mild cognitive impairment: insights from gut metabolites and N6-methyladenosine

Table 3 Cognitive tests of control, EMCI, and LMCI subjects

	Control	EMCI	LMCI	P¹	Adjusted P value for pairwise comparisons
Global cognition
MMSE	28 ± 2	27 ± 3	26.5 ± 3	< 0.001	EMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < Control, P < 0.001
MoCA	26 ± 2	22 ± 3	21 ± 3	< 0.001	EMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < EMCI, P = 0.008
Multidimensional function
AVLT-IR	15 ± 7	13 ± 5	11 ± 5	< 0.001	LMCI < EMCI < Control, all P < 0.001
AVLT-SR	5 ± 4	4 ± 3	3 ± 2	< 0.001	LMCI < EMCI < Control, all P < 0.001
AVLT-LR	5 ± 4	3 ± 4	2 ± 3	< 0.001	LMCI < EMCI < Control, all P < 0.001
SDMT	36 ± 15	31 ± 13	29 ± 11	< 0.001	EMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < EMCI, P = 0.015
LMT	10.5 ± 5.9	8 ± 3	4 ± 3	< 0.001	LMCI < EMCI < Control, all P < 0.001
WMS-R	9.5 ± 7	7 ± 2.5	2.5 ± 2	< 0.001	LMCI < EMCI < Control, all P < 0.001
DSF	8 ± 1	7 ± 2	7 ± 2	< 0.001	EMCI < Control, P = 0.001 LMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < EMCI, P = 0.004
DSB	4 ± 1	4 ± 1	4 ± 1	< 0.001	EMCI < Control, P < 0.001 LMCI < Control, P < 0.001
TMT-A	64.7 ± 33.5	71.4 ± 30.1	81.8 ± 39.4	< 0.001	Control < EMCI, P < 0.001 Control < LMCI, P < 0.001 EMCI < LMCI, P = 0.004
TMT-B	178.1 ± 98.8	204.2 ± 92.3	236.0 ± 123.5	< 0.001	Control < EMCI < LMCI, all P < 0.001
SCWT-TIE	32.5 ± 16.5	39.0 ± 22.8	37.1 ± 20.0	< 0.001	Control < EMCI, P < 0.001 Control < LMCI, P = 0.001
SCWT-RIE	1 ± 2	2 ± 4	2 ± 5	< 0.001	Control < EMCI, P < 0.001 Control < LMCI, P < 0.001

¹P value for Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test for continuous variables with skewed distribution, which were presented as medians ± interquartile range. Adjusted P value by Bonferroni correction
Abbreviations: EMCI, early mild cognitive impairment; LMCI, late mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; WMS-R, Wechsler memory scale-recall; AVLT-IR, auditory verbal learning test-immediate recall; AVLT-SR, auditory verbal learning test -short recall; AVLT-LR, auditory verbal learning test-long recall; SDMT, symbol digit modalities test; LMT, logical memory test; DSF, digit span forwards; DSB, digit span backwards; TMT-A, trail making test-A; TMT-B, trail making test-B; SCWT-TIE, Stroop color-word test-time interfered effects; SCWT-RIE, Stroop color-word test-reaction interfered effects

ISSN: 1758-9193